Kyphosis is a spinal condition characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to an exaggerated rounding of the upper back. This condition may give individuals a slumped appearance, commonly referred to as hunchback or round back.
While the spine naturally has curves that help maintain proper posture and allow for upright standing, excessive curvature can adversely affect posture and make standing uncomfortable.
Types of Kyphosis
There are several forms of kyphosis, with the most common types being:
Postural Kyphosis
This type usually develops during adolescence due to slouching. The curvature is often reversible when the person stands up straight and typically does not worsen or lead to complications.Aging-Related Kyphosis
As people age, conditions like osteoporosis, degenerative disc disease, or minor fractures can weaken the bones in the spine, resulting in a hunched posture.Post-Traumatic Kyphosis
This occurs when spinal fractures cause injury to the vertebrae, leading to a bent spine.Scheuermann's Kyphosis
In this type, the vertebrae are not rectangular but wedge-shaped, causing the spine to bend forward. This condition often begins in adolescence and may worsen over time.Congenital Kyphosis
This type arises from improper spinal development during pregnancy, and the curvature can increase as the child grows.
Causes of Kyphosis
The cause of kyphosis varies with its type:
- Postural Kyphosis: Results from poor posture, such as slouching in seats or carrying heavy bags.
- Scheuermann's Kyphosis: Linked to structural issues in the spine.
- Congenital Kyphosis: Associated with spinal defects present at birth.
- Other contributing factors may include:
- Aging, which often leads to more pronounced spinal curvature.
- Spinal cord injuries.
Symptoms of Kyphosis
The primary symptom of kyphosis is a noticeable roundness in the upper back or rounded shoulders. Additionally, tight hamstrings may also indicate the condition. More severe cases may present with:
- Pain or stiffness in the back and shoulder blades
- Numbness or tingling in the legs
- Extreme fatigue
- Breathing difficulties caused by pressure on the airways
- Balance issues
- Bladder or bowel incontinence
Diagnosis and Testing
Kyphosis is often identified during scoliosis screenings in schools. To confirm the diagnosis, healthcare providers may ask the individual to lean forward to observe spinal curvature.
X-rays are commonly used to visualize the spine, assess the degree of curvature, and identify any vertebral damage. An MRI may be conducted to check for any growths pressing on spinal nerves. If symptoms such as weakness or tingling are present, a neurological examination may also be performed. A pulmonary function test can evaluate lung performance in cases of breathing difficulties.
Treatment Options
For mild kyphosis that does not cause symptoms, treatment may not be necessary. Regular monitoring through exams and X-rays can help ensure the curvature does not progress.
For more significant curvatures or those causing discomfort, physical therapy may be recommended. A physiotherapist can assist in improving posture and strengthening core muscles.
In children with Scheuermann's kyphosis, a brace may be prescribed to wear for several hours daily, which can help correct curvature as they grow. In adults, braces may provide pain relief but won’t correct the curvature.
Over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or aspirin, can help manage pain.
In cases where conservative treatments fail, surgery may be necessary to reduce curvature and prevent further progression. Indications for surgical intervention include persistent back pain despite other treatments, congenital kyphosis, or Scheuermann's kyphosis with a curvature exceeding 75 degrees.
The most common surgical procedure is spinal fusion, which involves aligning and fusing the vertebrae using bone grafts, along with metal screws, plates, or rods to stabilize the spine during recovery.
Risk Factors for Kyphosis
Kyphosis can develop at any age. Scheuermann's disease is often diagnosed in teenagers, while adults may experience kyphosis due to factors such as:
- Arthritis
- Tumors or cancer treatments
- Chronic conditions like Paget's disease
- Genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome, muscular dystrophy, neurofibromatosis, Prader-Willi syndrome, and spina bifida
- Spinal cord injuries
- Infectious diseases like tuberculosis and polio
- Osteoporosis
- Spondylolisthesis, which occurs when one vertebra slips forward over another.
If you suspect you or someone you know may have kyphosis, consult ANS Super Specialty Hospital for a comprehensive evaluation and treatment plan.
